SLS/MIC/C009: BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (M.Sc. Even Semester)
Unit I: Microscopy and Biosensors
Microscopy (Principles and applications): Light, phase contrast, fluorescence and confocal
microscopy, Scanning and transmission electron microscopy; Biosensors: Introduction and
principles, First, second and third generation instruments, Cell based biosensors, Enzyme
immunosensors, DNA biosensor.
Unit II: Centrifugation
Basic principle and applications of centrifugation; Centrifugal force; Sedimentation rate;
Sedimentation coefficient; Common centrifuges used in laboratory (Clinical, micro, high speed,
ultra and industrial centrifuges); Types of rotors (Fixed- angle, swinging bucket and continuous
tubular); Types of centrifugation (Principle and applications): Preparative (Differential and
density gradient centrifugation) and analytical centrifugation.
Unit III: Chromatography
General principle and applications of chromatography; Types of chromatography (Principles and
applications):
Adsorption chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, Affinity
chromatography, Size exclusion chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, Gas
chromatography, High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), Supercritical fluid
chromatography.
Unit IV: Electrophoretic Techniques
General principle and applications of electrophoresis; Types of electrophoresis (Principles and
applications): Paper electrophoresis, Moving boundary electrophoresis, Isotachophoresis,
Agarose gel electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE,
Denaturing-PAGE and Reducing-PAGE), Isoelectric focusing (IEF), Pulse field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE), Disc gel electrophoresis.
Unit V: Spectroscopy and Radiotracer Techniques
Spectroscopic methods (Principle and applications): UV, Visible, IR, NMR, Fluorescence, ESR,
Atomic absorption, CD, ORD and Raman Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry: Principles and
application of MALDI-MS, Ionization methods; Radiotracer techniques: Applications of
radioisotopes in biology, Properties and units of radioactivity, Radioactive isotopes and half-life,
Safety rules in handling of radioisotopes, Measurement of radioactivity (GM counter, gamma
counter, wilson cloud chamber and liquid scintillation counter), Autoradiography: Principle and
its applications.